When Your Child Has Sinusitis

Sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones of the face. They are in the cheekbones, around the eyes, and behind the nose. Healthy sinuses constantly make and drain mucus. This helps keep the nasal passages clean and free of bacteria. But sometimes the sinuses don't drain correctly. This can lead to sinus inflammation and infection. These problems are called sinusitis.

Sinusitis can be acute or chronic. Acute sinusitis comes on suddenly, often after a cold or flu. When your child has acute sinusitis at least 3 times in a year, it's called recurrent acute sinusitis. When it lasts longer than 12 weeks, it’s called chronic. Chronic sinusitis is often caused by allergies or a blockage in the nose.

What causes sinusitis?

These problems can lead to sinusitis:

• Upper respiratory infections.  A cold or flu can cause the sinuses and nasal linings to swell. This blocks the sinus openings. Mucus can back up. The pooled mucus can become infected with germs (bacteria or viruses).

• Allergic reactions. An allergy to things such as pollen, dust, or mold can cause swelling inside the sinuses. This also can prevent mucus from draining.

• Blockage in the nose.  A polyp or deviated septum can cause sinusitis that doesn’t go away. A polyp is a sac of swollen tissue. It can happen from infection or allergies. It can block the tiny opening where most of the sinuses drain. It can grow large enough to block the nasal passage. The septum is the wall of cartilage that divides the nasal area in half. When this wall is crooked (deviated), the sinuses may not drain the right way.

What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

• Thick discolored drainage from the nose

• Nasal congestion

• Pain and pressure around the eyes, nose, cheeks, or forehead

• Headache

• Cough

• Thick mucus draining down the back of the throat (postnasal drainage)

• Fever

• Loss of smell

How is sinusitis diagnosed?

Your child’s health care provider will ask about your child’s health history and do a physical exam. They'll check the ears, nose, and throat. They will look for signs of soreness near the sinuses. That may be all that is needed with acute sinusitis.

With recurrent acute or chronic sinusitis, your child may need tests. These are to check for bacteria, allergies, or polyps. Your child may also need X-rays or CT scans. In some cases, your child may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat specialist. This provider may use a long, thin tool (endoscope) to look at the sinus openings.

How is acute sinusitis treated?

It may get better on its own. When it doesn’t, your child’s provider may prescribe:

• Antibiotics. If your child’s sinuses are infected with bacteria, antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. If after 3 to 5 days, your child's symptoms haven't improved, the provider may try a different antibiotic.

• Allergy medicines. For sinusitis caused by allergies, antihistamines and other allergy medicines can reduce swelling. Use allergy medicines only if your child's provider advises it.

Don't use over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays. They may make the problem worse.

How is recurrent acute sinusitis treated?

This is also treated with antibiotic and allergy medicines. Your child's provider may refer you to a specialist for testing and treatment.

How is chronic sinusitis treated? 

Your child’s provider may try:

• Referral. Your child's provider may send you to a specialist in ear, nose, and throat conditions.

• Antibiotics. Your child may need to take antibiotic medicine for a longer time. Antibiotics are only used for bacterial infections.

• Inhaled corticosteroid medicines. Nasal sprays or drops with steroids are often prescribed.

• Other medicines. Nasal sprays with antihistamines and decongestants, saltwater (saline) sprays, or drops may be prescribed. Your child also may use medicines to loosen and clear mucus.

• Allergy shots (immunotherapy).  If your child has nasal allergies, shots may help reduce your child’s reaction to allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.

• Surgery. Surgery for chronic sinusitis is a choice. But it's not done very often in children.

If antibiotics are prescribed

Sinus infections caused by bacteria may be treated with antibiotics. To use them safely:

• It may take 3 to 5 days for your child’s symptoms to start to improve. If your child doesn’t get better after this time, call your child’s provider.

• Be sure your child takes all the medicine, even if they feel better. The infection may come back if it is not completely cleared.

• Be sure that your child takes the medicine as directed. For example, some antibiotics should be taken with food.

• Ask your child’s provider or pharmacist about side effects the medicine may cause and what to do about them.

Caring for your child

Many children with sinusitis get better with rest and the following care:

• Fluids. A glass of water or juice every hour or 2 is a good rule. Fluids help thin mucus, allowing it to drain more easily. Fluids also help prevent dehydration.

• Saline wash. This helps keep the sinuses and nose moist. Ask your child's provider for directions.

• Warm compresses. Apply a warm, moist towel to your child’s nose, cheeks, and eyes to help relieve facial pain.

Preventing sinusitis

Colds, flu, and allergies can lead to sinusitis. To help prevent these problems:

• Teach your child to wash their hands correctly and often. It’s the best way to prevent most infections.

• Make sure your child eats healthy meals and drinks plenty of fluids.

• Keep your child away from people who are sick, especially during cold and flu season.

• Ask your child’s provider about allergy testing. Take steps to help your child stay away from allergens to which they are sensitive. Your child’s provider can give you more information.

• Don’t let anyone smoke around your child.

Tips for correct handwashing

• Use clean, running water (warm or cold) and soap. Work up a good lather.

• Clean the whole hand, under the nails, between fingers, and up the wrists.

• Wash for at least  seconds (as long as it takes to say the ABCs or sing Happy Birthday twice). Don’t just wipe—scrub well.

• Rinse well. Let the water run down the fingers, not up the wrists.

• In a public restroom, use a paper towel to turn off the faucet and open the door.

What are long-term concerns?

It’s important to find and treat the cause of sinusitis in children. In rare cases, the infection from sinusitis can spread to the eyes or brain. If your child has allergies or asthma, talk with your provider about treatment choices. Tell your child’s provider if your child gets more colds or flu than normal.

When to contact your child's doctor

Call your child's healthcare provider right away if:

• Your child’s symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop.

• Symptoms don’t get better within 3 to 5  days after starting antibiotics.

• A skin rash, hives, or wheezing develops. These could signal an allergic reaction.

• Call 911 if your child has trouble breathing.